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Crisis, continuity and transformation in the making of early Medieval Western Europe (up to the 8th C.)

  INTRODUCTION The fall of antiquity and the making of early medieval Europe is mainly seen and analysed on the basis of structural differences between the East and West in Europe. The Arab conquest finally marked the end of Antiquity. The 8 th century western Europe though with its diversity were cemented together by profound resemblances giving birth to feudalism and subsequently to Modern Europe. Indeed, there were a lot of elements of crisis after the fall of antiquity, however Europe was never separated from economic prosperity and some kind of it always existed, inherited from Ancient Rome. The period of middle ages in the beginning is seen to be in a phase of crisis with slowly accommodating fusion of both elements from that of outsiders, the so called barbarians and the insiders, the Romans. The intermixture of both is seen to produce some distinct transformation finally changing even the basic mode of production, i.e, from the slave owned to the feudalistic one. ...

Hinduism expansion in India: Annihilation or assimilation?

  Hinduism considered among one of the largest Religion in world has been rethought for decades now and scholars has begun questioning its origin and nature. Due to its broad and panoptic nature it subsumes among it a lot many practices, custom and tradition. Moreover, when many scholars argue that Hinduism is just a name given to myriad of accumulated cultures is begun to be seen as a religion only from 19 th century. Hence, it has become very important today to know about its true character. Appropriation and Assimilation runs simultaneously in the process of making any entity. In case, of Hinduism this must have been the case however, it becomes important what was on greater side also, the tribal nature of Hinduism we see today has it been incorporated into it? Or is it the opposite?   While tackling with any question pertaining to Hinduism, N.K. Bose’s work “The structure of Hindu Society” becomes very important. As Bose turns out to be 1 st anthropologist who attemp...

Important features of Economy of middle and upper ganga valley during the period from 6th century BCE to the early 4th century BCE.

    After a millennium or so there was again evidence of urbanisation in the areas around the ganga valley after the Harappan civilization. It is generally supposed to have begun around 600 B.C coinciding with the beginning of early historic period in Gangetic valley. [1] In terms of ecology and archaeology there appears to have been a distinction between the western Ganga plain and the middle ganga plain in 2 nd millennium B.C. with similarities appearing only with middle of 1 st century B.C. with the use of distinctive Northern Black Polished Ware. [2] It is seen to be a period of emergence of fortified settlement like Champak, Kombi, Ujjain, introduction of Northern Black Polished Ware, iron based agricultural economy, long distance trade, stable political structure, stratified society , emergence of bureaucracy etc. raising the point of emergence of initial stages of state formation. Considering Pearson definition of Economy as a social process of interaction b...